Discourse assignment 2

Discourse assignment 2

• 1.           An article in Campus magazine entitled “Publics Participation For Education” by Miftakhul Khoiri presents the first school Taman Siswa built by Ki Hajar Dewantara.

In the sentence 1 “An article” replace of “Public Participation for Education” is called substitution of noun. In sentence 1 before “Present” is ellipsis. Before “present” should be “that” to emphasize of who is the present of the first school Taman Siswa. In sentence 1 “Taman Siswa” and “Ki Hajar Dewantara” is collocation (lexical cohesion). Repetition of “by”. “First” is temporal conjunction to show the events in the text (sentence 1).

• 2.           Education paradigm is growing in Indonesia to fulfill the sprit of education these days.

In sentence 2 “Education paradigm” replace “Indonesia” called substitution of noun. In sentence 2 “These” as replacement of the day where education paradigm is growing called comparative reference.

• 3.           Citizens should get competent education.

In sentence 3 “Component education” as clausal ellipsis that presents the component education what.

• 4.           Education is responsibility by government and the side of private sector individual and group.

Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 4).

• 5.           Because of limited cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better than government schools.

In this type “Because of” of conjunction, the relationship is one of cause and consequence and it can be called hypotactic conjunction.  In sentence 5 “Cost” is ellipsis from cost of education. Here “And”, “or” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction. Collocation of “school”, “course”, “education” (sentence 5).

• 6.           Supported by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it also promises the good management on its education.

“Supported” is meant to what the supported is pointed. The pointed of business education, it is called demonstrative reverence. “This” changes of the business education in sentence 5 which complete and good facilities. “It” replace by “complete and good facilities” called substitution of noun. In sentence 6 “its” changes of develop business education in sentence 5 called substitution of verb. In this type “because” is hypotactic conjunction which is relation one of cause and consequence (sentence 6). Repetition of “good” (sentence 6)

• 7.           Indonesia has pesantren as education system (Islamic boarding house models).

The “pesantren” is synonymy with “education system” (sentence 7).

• 8.           It is classified into two models: First Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can stay and study freely.

“It” replace by “education system” in sentence 7 called anaphoric references which pesantren. “First” is temporal conjunction to show event in the text. Here “and” is called additive conjunction which indicates the payment from students and students can stay “And” is called additive conjunction which indicates students can stay and study freely (sentence 8).

• 9.           They study about Islamic science for the sake of individual and public.

“They” is anaphoric reference referring to the students. Here “and” is additive conjunction which indicates individual and public (sentence 9).

• 10.        The traditional pesantren still be one choice by our society under class social.

“One choice” replace by “the traditional pesantren” in sentence 7 called substitution of noun (sentence 10).

• 11.        Second, Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students.

“Second” is called temporal conjunction to show the events in the text. In this type “because” is hypotactic conjunction which relation one of cause and consequence. It” replace by “modern pesantren” called anaphoric reference which pesantren. Here “And” signals the presentation of additional called additive conjunction (sentence 11).

• 12.        They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.

“Science” consisting of Bology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art, is called general word reiteration. “They” is anaphoric reference referring to the students. “But” is contradiction conjunction. “And” is additive conjunction (sentence 12).

• 13.        They are prepared to face the era that always changes.

“They” is anaphoric reference referring to other sciences which emphasize to the backward (sentence 13). “That” is anaphoric reference referring to the era (sentence 13).

• 14.        Without being realized, the friction could happen from motivation of organizer and management of existing education.

“Without” is ellipsis which emphasize to the change of the era (sentence 14). “Organizer” is ellipsis which emphasize to organizer of pesantren. Here “and” is additive conjunction which indicates motivation of organizer and management of existing education.

• 15.        To get the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children.

“Their” is anaphoric reference. “They” is anaphoric reference. Here “and” is additive conjunction which indicates power of bargain and the reality of expensive school. “and” is additional conjunction which indicates the reality of expensive school and rich man children. “That” is hypotactic conjunction which explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing (sentence 15).

• 16.        Poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.

“Poor” is antonym with rich. “They” is anaphoric reference referring to poor people to power of bargaining. “Their” is anaphoric reference referring to poor people education (sentence 16).

• 17.        Government and private sector individually and group have big homework to repair their education inspect that aims on making organization of education.

Here “And” is additive conjunction which indicates government and private sector. “That” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called be hypotactic conjunction. “And” is additive conjunction which indicates sector individually and group. “Their” is anaphoric reference referring to poor people (sentence 17).

• 18.        I agree with the writer who says that about publics participation for education is important.

“That” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called be hypotactic conjunction. “That” it meant of the writer in the zero ellipsis. “I” is anaphoric reference referring to Fitri Nurwiyanti. “The writer” is synonymy with Miftkhul Khoiri (sentence 18).

• 19.        He says that the education not only managed by government, but also the society who has contribution to build education together, about how they create good education, both the facilities, system and soon.

“He” is anaphoric reference referring to Miftakhul Khoiri. “but” is contradiction conjunction. “That” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can be called be hypotactic conjunction. “They” is anaphoric reference referring to government and society. “Both” …..”And” is elliptical conjunction (sentence 19).

• 20.        The government should think that all the society level can enjoy education reasonably.

“That” is introductory clause which explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing (sentence 20).

• 21.        Moreover, to get good education with equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man’s children.

“Moreover” is causative conjunction. “They” is anaphoric reference referring to government and private sector. “Get” is repetition. “And” is additional conjunction which indicates the power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school. “And” is additional conjunction which indicates the reality of expensive school and rich man children (sentence 21).

• 22.        I think that the middle society should optimalize brilliant brain to be able to compete with others.

“I” is anaphoric reference referring to Fitri Nurwiyanti. “Others” is substitute with other people (sentence 22).

• 23.        The writer says that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.

“The writer” is synonymy with Miftakhul Khoiri. “They” is anaphoric reference referring t the poor people. “Their” is anaphoric reference referring to poor people education. “That” is hyphotactic conjunction which explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing (sentence 23).

• 24.        I think that this statement is true.

“That” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called be hypotactic conjunction. “I” is anaphoric reference referring to Fitri Nurwiyanti. “True” it points to true statement, so it is ellipsis. “this” is anaphoric reference referring to the statement that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education (sentence 24).

• 25.        The government and the private school should really provide scholarship for the students who have competence to enjoy education.

Here “and” is additional conjunction which indicates the government and the private school. “Enjoy education” is ellipsis from enjoy education in Indonesia this day (sentence 25).

Discourse assignment I

Discourse assignment I

Name: Rieka Sugiarti

Class: E

1. What is the discourse study?

From the third paragraph, I get the conclusion what the discourse study is. Discourse study is the interpretation about spoken, written texts, and signed languages. In discourse also involving about verbal and non verbal materials. Discourse study is closed with the text form and it is more than the meaning from the written or spoken texts but involving communicative event.  Discourse study is related with the humanities and social sciences.  So, discourse study is analyze all about the spoken or written from the people involving text form, grammar, coherent in each sentence, the meaning from individual and how the situational when a texts is analyzed. Discourse study also studies the text forming devices.

.2.   Wednesday, March 21, 2012 07:26 AM

        JAKARTA

Surakarta residents disappointed by Jokowi’s Jakarta bid

Kusumasari Ayuningtyas, the Jakarta Post, Surakarta | Tue, 03/20/2012 4:31 PM

Jokowi: Surakarta mayor and Jakarta governor candidate. (Kompas.com)

1.      Some Surakarta residents are voicing their disappointment with Mayor Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s decision to run for Jakarta governor.

“Their” is third person deixis referring to Surakarta resident (sentence 1).

2.      “I am one of those who object to his decision to leave Surakarta for Jakarta,” Mayor Haristanto, a resident, said on Tuesday.

“I” is first person deixis referring to haristanto. “On Tuesday” is temporal Deixis (sentence 2).

3.      Mayor (that is his name and not a title) said that he had organized events to prevent Jokowi from leaving the city, including collecting signatures on a petition demanding that Jokowi to stay in Surakarta.

“His” is third person deixis and “he” is first person deixis referring mayor mysterious. “That” is spatial deixis distal distance. “In Surakarta” is spatial deixis which hometown mayor Jokowi (sentence 3).

4.      “He has just served two years of his term. Jokowi still has to serve Surakarta’s residents for three more years,” Mayor said.

“He” is first person deixis and “his” is third person deixis referring mayor mysterious. “For three more years” is Temporal deixis referring 2015 (sentence 4).

5.      Meanwhile, another resident, Sumartono Hadinoto, said that he was proud that Jokowi, a native Surakartan, had been trusted to run for the prestigious post.

“Meanwhile” is anaphoric conjunction plant another resident that is still pending. “He” is first person deixis referring Sumartono (sentence 5).

6.      However, Sumartono lamented Jokowi’s decision to leave for Jakarta. “Surakarta still needs Jokowi. There are many things that Jokowi and [deputy mayor] FX Hadi Rudyatmo can still give to Surakarta’s residents,” he said.

“Jakarta” is spatial deixis which point of departure Jokowi. “There” is distal distance. “He” is first person referring Sumartono (sentence 6)

7.      Jokowi and his running mate, former East Belitung regent Basuki ‘Ahok” Tjahaja Purnama, registered their camapign at the Jakarta General Election Commission (KPUD).

“His” is first person deixis referring wife Jokowi. “Their” is third person referring mayor Jokowi and East Belitung regent Basuki. “At the Jakarta” is spatial setting which which places a general election candidate for governor Jakarta (sentence 7).

8.      The pair is backed by the Indonesia Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), the Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) Party and 24 smaller parties.

Repetition of “by” (sentence 8).

9.      If election officials approve his bid, Jokowi will have to temporarily leave Surakarta to live in Jakarta during the campaign.

“His” is third person deixis which to offer to be a candidate for Jakarta governor. “In Jakarta during the campaign” which Jokowi residence during the election campaign for governor (sentence 9).

10.  Jokowi has enacted several popular decisions as Surakarta’s mayor, including the incident-free relocation of street vendors from a high-end area and the development of the Balekambang slum into a city park.

Here “and” is additional conjunction which indicates a high-end area and the development of the Balekambang (sentence 10).

11.  The mayor also introduced Gladag Langen Bogan (Galabo) in 2008, a popular outdoor culinary festival held on weekend nights and proposed “one-hour service” for residents seeking ID cards.

“The mayor” is relational deictic. “In 2008” is temporal deixis in which year it is a popular culinary festival (sentence 11).

12.  “In Surakarta, underprivileged residents can see their rights fulfilled,” Akbarudin Arif, director of the Surakarta-based Consortium for the Monitoring and Empowerment of Public Institutions, said.

“Their” is third person deixis referring underprivileged residents (sentence 12).

13.  Separately, Deputy Mayor FX Hadi Rudyatmo declined to comment on Jokowi’s decision, saying the mayor’s decision was consistent with his position as a PDI-P member.

“His” is third person deixis referring Deputy Mayor (sentence 13).

14.  “As a member, he has to be ready to be assigned anywhere, any time,” Rudy said.

“He” is first person deixis referring mayor Jokowi (sentence 14).

Verbs

Verbs (kata kerja) adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga untuk menunjukkan keadaan. Verbs biasanya menjadi Predikat dari suatu kalimat.

Contoh:

• Henry comes from London.
• My brother studies in America.
• She is very beautiful.
• They are diligent.

Macam-macam Kata Kerja

1. Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)

Ciri-ciri Kata Kerja Jenis ini adalah sebagai berikut:

• Bila dipakai dalam kalimat tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, doesatau did.
• Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tense.
• Biasanya mempunyai bentuk-bentuk:
• Infinitive
• Present Participle
• Gerund
• Past Tense
• Present Tense
• Past Participle

Contoh:

• Ms. Anne reads a novel. (Infinitive)
• Ms. Anne is reading a novel. (Present Participle)
• Does Ms. Anne read a novel?
• Ms. Anne read a novel. (Past Tense)
• Ms. Anne has read a novel. (Past Participle)

2. Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu) 

Yaitu kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakantindakan atau keadaan, atau berfungsi untuk melengkapi fungsi gramatikal. 

Kata Kerja Auxiliary adalah:

• Is, am, are
• Was, were
• Do, does, did
• Has, have, had
• Can, could
• May, might
• Will, would
• Shall, should
• Must
• Ought to
• Had better
• Need, Dare (Dapat juga berfungsi sebagai Kata Kerja Biasa)

3. Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)

Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complement-nya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Jika kata Kerja Penghubung tersebut kita gantikan dengan be (am, is, are, was, dll.), maka maknanya tidak berubah.

Linking Verbs yang umum adalah:

• be (am, is, are, was, dll.)
• look
• stay
• appear
• become        
• remain
• taste
• feel    
• seem  
• smell
• grow  
• sound

Contoh:

• The actress is beautiful.
• Alex looks serious. (= Alex is serious).
• The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).

4. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.

Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll

Contoh:

• He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
• The man cuts the tree.

5. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.

Contoh:

• The baby cries.
• My mother is sleeping.
• The water boils.

Catatan:

• Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.

Contoh:

• He drops his bottles. (transitif)
• The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
• They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
• Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)

Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.

Contoh:

• He played the fool.                  (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
• He laughs a hard laugh.            (Dia tertawa lebar).
• He slept a sound sleep.            (Dia tidur nyenyak).
• He died a miserable death.        (Dia mati melarat).

Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.

Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.

Contoh:

• I will make you happy.
• I appoint him to be my assistant.

Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• We talked about the problem.
• She felt sorry for coming late.

Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll. 

Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• They accused me of telling lies.
• Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
• I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
• What prevented him from coming to the party?
• I thanked her for being so helpful.

6. Regular & Irregular Verbs 

Regular Verb adalah kata kerja yang dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense; dan perubahan bentuk kata kerja itu secara teratur.

Contoh perubahan Kata Kerja jenis ini adalah:

• Call - called - called
• Admit - admitted - admitted
• Submit - submitted - submitted
• Invite - invited - invited

Irregular Verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb, tetapi perubahan bentuk kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.

Contoh perubahan kata kerja jenis ini adalah:

• Read - Read - Read
• Come - came - come
• Begin - began - begun
• Sleep - slept - slept

ADVERB

Adverb

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

NOUN

Nouns (Kata Benda) adalah segala sesuatu yang kita lihat atau dapat kita bicarakan dan yang menunjukkan orang, benda, tempat, tumbuhan, hewan, gagasan dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

• soldier - Alan - cousin - Frenchman   (Nama Orang)
• rat - zebra - lion - aardvark (Nama Binatang)
• house - London - factory - shelter   (Nama Tempat)
• table - frame - printer - chisel (Nama Objek)
• lead - nitrogen - water - ice (Nama untuk Substansi)
• kindness - beauty - bravery - wealth - faith (Nama Kualitas)
• rowing - cooking - barking - reading - listening (Nama Aksi)
• month - inch - day - pound - ounce (Nama Ukuran)

Kata Benda dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu:

1.                  Concrete Nouns

2.                  Abstract Nouns

Penjelasan

1. Concrete Nouns

Yaitu nama orang, tempat, atau benda dan sebagainya yang dapat ditangkap dengan panca indera, yakni benda-benda yang kongkret.

contoh:

• car
• house
• chair
• book

2. Abstract Nouns

Yaitu kata benda yang tak dapat diraba dengan panca indera.

Contoh:

• happiness
• sadness
• wisdom
• courage
• health

---

Concrete Nouns terbagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu:

---

1. Common Nouns 

Yaitu  kata benda yang menunjukkan jenis, kelas dari benda-benda, tempat dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

• Car
• Man
• Bridge
• Town
• Water
• Metal
• Ammonia

2. Proper Nouns 

Yaitu nama orang, tempat dan sebagainya yang khusus untuk dia saja. Proper Nouns selalu diawali dengan huruf kapital.

Contoh:

• Michael
• Africa
• Peking
• Dayton Peace Accord
• United Nations
• The Tower of London
• Uncle George
  ("Uncle" diawali dengan huruf kapital karena kata tersebut sudah menjadi bagian dari namanya.)
• My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally. 
• The Red Lion

3. Collective Nouns 

Berupa manusia (people), binatang (animals) dan suatu benda (things). Beberapa kata tertentu biasanya atau selalu digunakan untuk membuat collective nouns.

Contoh:

• Choir
• Team
• Jury
• Shoal 
• Cabinet (of ministers)
• Regiment 

4. Material Nouns

Yaitu nama yang menunjukkan nama benda yang terjadi dengan sendirinya dan bukan buatan manusia.

Contoh:

• gold
• water
• fish
• iron
• blood

5. Compound Nouns 

Yaitu yang merupakan gabungan dari dua kata atau lebih.

Contoh:

• Mother-in-law
• Board of members
• Court-martial
• Manservant